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#1 · (Edited)
Remarks on event:

From 1890 until 1924 a French National event was held. This was open to French nationals only, though a couple of the finalists appear to be British. Apparently foreigners could enter if they belonged to a French Club. The women's event didn't get started until 1897. It was not a success, as entries were so limited that a couple of times the winner did not have to play a match!

From 1912 a major event was held in Paris, with the exception of one year in Brussels.

The "World Hard Court Championships" was the official World title on clay. Hard courts was the British term for clay, modern hard cement courts as we know them today being limited to California and South Africa.

The World Hard Courts were the forerunner for the French Open. When the ITF admitted the US in 1923 it was demanded that the "World" titles be dropped. The French decided to let the 1924 Olympics in Paris replace the Hard Court title for that year. After that the way was clear for what is now know as "the French Open".


Many thanks to Newmark for his work on the pre-war French Nationals. This may be found at:http://www.tennisforum.com/showthread.php?t=443328
 
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#2 · (Edited)
1897

Date: June 23
Venue: Societe de Sport, Ile de Puteaux, Paris
Surface: Clay

Singles (Draw=4)

1st Round

Mme P. Girod d. Mme de Fenelon default
Adine Masson d. Marquise de Bailleul 6-0 6-2

Final

Adine Masson d. Mme P. Girod 6-3 6-1

Summary:

This first women's singles event at what was the French Closed Championships (open only to French players and overseas players who were members of French clubs) took place on one day, Wednesday, June 23, 1897. It was played separately from the men's singles event, the semi-finals and finals of which were played the following Sunday at a different venue, the Tennis Club de France. It was not until later years that all of the different events were played at the same venue and at the same time (from 1910 onwards the venue was the Racing Club de France, in Paris). There was a men's doubles event at this point in time, but no women's doubles event until 1907. The first mixed doubles event was held in 1902.

Adine Masson appears to have been a French-Canadian who settled in France. She was the best of the earliest female tennis players in France. The runner-up was a married woman, so the P. might stand for Pierre or Paul. Her identity is well hidden anyway. A report in "Le Figaro" said it was a very hard-fought contest, this despite the score-line.

The Offical Lawn Tennis Bulletin wrote that Masson would have had a tougher time if Mlles Villard or Prevost had entered. Both were absent. Does this mean they defaulted? Tradition states that only 2 women were in the draw, but the Bulletin states, "This was the first ladies championships held in Paris, and there were only four entries, but it s hoped that next year many more ladies will compete. "


---------------------

Draw notes:

The event was open to Frenchwomen and foreigners residing in France.

The Marquise de Bailleul may have actually been the Marquise de Bailleut. As French sources lean towards de Bailleul we use it here.

Sources:


The Official Lawn Tennis Bulletin,
volume 4, 1897, page 185.
https://books.google.com/books?id=7LgsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=william+masson+tennis&source=bl&ots=Ba4fYzWUv9&sig=VXMOt-OAcjTQTkYjGNM24dsnuPY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu34ui1YLLAhXJbiYKHX--D9Q4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=william%20masson%20tennis&f=false

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_tennis_1897

Les Sports athlétiques et la Revue athlétique réunis, Issues 197-222. 1894, (page 399). [This Frenh source lists the Marquise as "de Bailleul"
https://books.google.com/books?id=k...onepage&q=marquise de bailleut tennis&f=false
 
#5 · (Edited)
1900

Venue: Racing Club de France

Singles (Draw=1)

Yvonne Prevost was champion.

The champion was the only entrant for the third consecutive year.

Yvonne Prévost, or at least a Mlle Prévost, won the women's singles title at the Closed French Championships in 1900. Together with Adine Masson, Prévost was the best of the early French female lawn tennis players. According to "Lawn Tennis at Home and Abroad", "Mlle Prévost plays a hard, steady game, and possesses a very severe forehand stroke, and places well. She is very quick about the court and if she could only improve her backhand she would be very hard to beat."

In 1900, Mlle Prévost was also runner-up at what is now recognized as the first women's singles event at the Olympic Games held that year at the lawn tennis club located on the Ile de Puteaux in Paris.

However, more than one reliable contemporary source also mentions a Hélène Prévost playing lawn tennis in France at this time. Yvonne and Hélène could have been sisters, or related in some other way.
 
#6 · (Edited)
1901

Venue: Ile de Puteaux, Paris

Singles (Draw=2)

Final

Mme P. Girod d. Mlle Leroux 6-1 6-1

Mlle Leroux (first name unknown) in what appears to have been the All-Comers' Final. "Le Figaro" newspaper mentions that the score was 6-1 6-1 and that "Mlle Prévost" was not defending her title. Mme P. Girod had been runner-up in the inaugural women's singles event four years earlier.
 
#7 · (Edited)
1902

Dates: Circa June 18-28
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris

Singles (Draw=4)

1st Round

Adine Masson d. Yvonne Prevost 5-7 7-5 6-3*
Mme P Girod d. Katie Gillou 0-6 6-2 6-0

Final

Adine Masson d. Mme P Girod 6-0 6-1

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=4)

1st Round


Yvonne Prevost/Reginald Forbes d. Mme P. Girod/Fouchier-Magnan 6-3 6-2
Adine Masson/Willy Masson d. L. Schopfer/Jean Schopfer 6-8 7-5 7-5

Final

Yvonne Prevost/Reginald Forbes d. Adine Masson/Willy Masson ????

------------------------------------------

Draw notes:

An Armand Masson is mentioned as founder of an early French Club. Could he be connected to Adine Masson?

Mlle L Schopfer is probably a sister of Jean-Schopfer.

Sources

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_tennis_1902

*Lawn Tennis at Home and Abroad by Arthur Wallis Myers provides a sketch of Masson's game on page 264. This gives a score of 5-7 7-5 6-2 for the Masson-Prevost match.

Summary:

The semifinals took place circa June 23, with the final due to take place "at a later date" ("Le Figaro", June 24, 1902).

The book Lawn Tennis at Home and Abroad by Arthur Wallis Myers provides a sketch of Masson's game on page 264:

"This lady is good, both forehand and backhand; possesses a long, hard drive with plenty of swing; places well, and keeps good length. She is, however, apt to be trifle reckless and at times goes too much for her stroke. In a mixed doubles she is a tower of strength."

This was the inaugural mixed doubles event at the French Closed Championships. Several reliable sources gives the Forbes/Prevost team as the winners, but no score. Note that Jean Schopfer (1868-1931) was famous under his pen name Claude Anet. One of Anet's books was a biography of Suzanne Lenglen.
 
#8 · (Edited)
1903

Venue: Ile de Puteaux, Paris

Singles (Draw=2)

Final

Adine Masson d. Katie Gillou 6-0 6-8 6-0

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Yvonne Prévost/Reginald Forbes

Forbes is also known by the the name Reginald Villiers Forbes
 
#9 · (Edited)
1904

Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris

Singles

Final

Katie Gillou d. Adine Masson ????

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Katie Gillou/Max Decugis

The years 1904-1908 are probably the most obscure in the history of the women's singles event at the Closed French Championships. However, it is clear that Kate, or Katie, Gillou won the event in question every year during this period, except in 1907. "Le Figaro" mentions Kate Gillou several times during these years and includes a short report on her wedding to a René Fenwick in March 1906. Kate had a lawn tennis-playing sister called Antoinette, who was not quite as good as her.


http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5808379t/f845.item.r=Pfeffel decugis tennis.zoom [If this is the mixed final it was held on June 19-the losing finalists being Yvonne de Pfoeffe/Andre Vacherot.
 
#232 ·
1904

Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris

Singles

Final

Katie Gillou d. Adine Masson ????

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Katie Gillou/Max Decugis

The years 1904-1908 are probably the most obscure in the history of the women's singles event at the Closed French Championships.
Obscure indeed! Surely though, there must be sources somewhere that can shed some light on the missing details. What to make of this article in the Armée et Marine – Armes et Sport of 21 July 1904? It describes an international tournament at the Ile de Puteaux (the same one discussed in this article posted by Rollo). The French Championships that year were held at the Racing Club de France. The interesting part of the article mentions, and praises, Katie Gillou. It says she won the Paris Championships after a 'difficult victory' against Prévost and then talks about her winning the Championnat de France (!) against Adine Masson in two sets. No scores unfortunately.
 
#10 · (Edited)
1905

Dates: circa June 11 (the men's final was on this date)
Venue: Ile de Puteaux, Paris
Surface: Clay

Singles (Draw=2)

Challenge Round

Katie Gillou (holder) d. Yvonne de Pfeffel 6-0 11-9

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Yvonne de Pfeffel/Max Decugis

------------------------------------------

Sources:


https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_tennis_1905

Figaro : journal non politique | 1905-06-12 | Gallica [This puts the men's final on June 11 at the Racing Club de France]

La Vie au grand air : revue illustrée de tous les sports | 1906-04-13 | Gallica *[if this refers to the 1905 French nationals Gillou and Decugis did defend their title, losing in the challenge round].

------------------------------------------

Summary:

In 1905, Kate Gillou defeated Yvonne de Pfeffel, 6-0, 11-9, in what appears to have been the last match of the women's singles event at the Closed French Championships. Kate was the defending champion. Yvonne de Pfeffel was one of two lawn tennis-playing sisters, the other being Marie-Louise de Pfeffel. Their father was German-born, hence the occurrence of "von Pfeffel" in some sources.

In the Mixed Doubles the holders Katie Gillou and Max Decugis probably did not defend their title. *
 
#11 · (Edited)
#12 · (Edited)
1907

Venue: Ile de Puteaux, Paris

Singles

Final

Countess Thérèse Villard de Kermel d. Catherine d'Aliney d' Elva 6-1 retired

------------------------------------------

Doubles

Won by Adine Masson/Yvonne de Pfeffel

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Antoinette Péan/Robert Wallet

------------------------------------------

Summary


The winner was the Countess de Kermel, born Thérèse Villard on 15 June 1874. She married Count Olivier de Kermel in Paris, France, on 30 September 1899. ("Le Figaro" had announced their engagement a few months earlier.) In the final match at the Closed French Championships in 1907, the countess won the first set, 6-1, against a Mlle d'Elva before the latter retired. It appears that Katie Fenwick was not defending her singles title in 1907.

Mlle d'Elva, the runner-up, is one of the most obscure players to have taken part in the Closed French Championships. She did not play much competitive lawn tennis at all.

This was the first year there was a ladies doubles event.
 
#13 · (Edited)
1908

Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris

Singles

Final

Katie Fenwick d. Adrienne Péan 6-2 6-2

------------------------------------------

Doubles

Won by Katie Fenwick/Cécile Matthey

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Katie Fenwick/Max Decugis

------------------------------------------

"Lawn Tennis and Croquet" says that this event suffered from a lack of English participants because of its place in the calendar, which meant that it clashed with some of the tournaments in Britain. It was hoped that a change in the calendar might encourage more foreign participants. The event in question was held on the Ile de Puteaux, more or less on the Seine.
 
#14 · (Edited)
1909 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: May 29-June 2
Venue: Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose Club, Bordeaux
Surface: Clay

Singles (Draw=4)

1st Round

Jeanne Matthey d. Mlle Lawton 6-4 8-6
Abeille Gallay d. Mlle Flouch 6-2 6-2

Final

Jeanne Matthey d. Abeille Gallay 10-8 6-4

------------------------------------------

Doubles

Won by Jeanne Matthey/Daisy Spéranza

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Final:

Jeanne Matthey/Max Decugis d. Mlle Flouch/Jean Samezeuilh 7-5 7-5

------------------------------------------

Draw notes:

Holder Katie Fenwick does not defend her title.

In 1908, Max Decugis had won the mixed doubles event at the Closed French Championships with Katie Fenwick.

------------------------------------------

Summary


In 1909, the Closed French Championships as a whole were held outside Paris for the first and only time, the venue being the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose Club in the port city of Bordeaux, on the south-west coast of France.

It was in Bordeaux that Jeanne Matthey won the women's singles title at the Closed French Championships for the first time. In the final she beat Mme Abeille Gallay, 10-8, 6-4.

Jeanne Matthey had a lawn tennis-playing sister called Cécile, but Jeanne was by far the better player of the two.
 
#15 · (Edited)
1910 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 19-28
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

----------------------------------------------

Singles (Draw=7, plus holder)

*Holder Jeanne Matthey "sits out" until the Challenge Round.

1st Round

Marguerite Broquedis d. Abeille Gallay 4-6 7-5 6-3
Therese de Kermel d. Susannah Wilford (GB) 6-0 5-7 6-0
Daisy Speranza d. Marie Decugis 6-4 13-11
Germaine Regnier-bye

Semifinals

Broquedis d. Kermel 6-1 6-4
Regnier d. Speranza 6-3 6-4

Final

Germaine Regnier d. Marguerite Broquedis 8-6 6-0

Challenge Round

Jeanne Matthey (holder) d. Germaine Regnier 1-6 6-1 9-7



----------------------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=11)

1st Round

Marie Danet/Mlle Worth-bye
Mme Dru/Suzy Poujade-bye
Abeille Gallay/Marguerite Mény d. Mlle Dibos/Alice Kauffmann default
Marguerite Broquedis/Germaine Regnier d. Germaine Bourgeois/Madeleine Bourgeois 6-4 6-2

Jeanne Matthey/Daisy Speranza d. Mlle Revel/Mlle Rousseau 7-5 6-1
Gisele Bunau-Varilla/Marie Decugis-bye
de Boudreau/Rejoux-bye
Mlle Paquin/Mlle M. C. Vincent-Darrasse-bye

Quarterfinals

Danet/Worth d. Dru/Poujade 7-5 6-1
Broquedis/Regnier d. Gallay/Mény 6-3 6-2
Matthey/Speranza d. Bunau-Varilla/Decugis 6-2 3-6 6-2
Mlle Paquin/Mlle Vincent-Darrasse d. de Boudreau/Rejoux 6-0 6-2

Semifinals

Matthey/Speranza d. Danet/Worth 6-3 3-6 6-3
Broquedis/Regnier d. Paquin/Vincent-Darrasse default

Final

Jeanne Matthey/Daisy Speranza d. Marguerite Broquedis/Germaine Regnier 6-2 7-5

----------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=10)

1st round

Germaine Regnier/Maurice Germot d. Mlle M. C. Vincent-Darrasse/Marcel Cosse 6-2 6-2
Jeanne Matthey/Etienne Micard-bye
Daisy Speranza/William Laurentz-bye
Marguerite Broquedis/R. F. Quenessen-bye

Abeille Gallay/Daniel Lawton d. Katie Fenwick/Marcel Dupont default
Mme Wilford/Neville Wilford (GB)-bye
Marie Decugis/Andre Jousselin-bye
Marguerite Mény/Edouard Mény-bye

Quarterfinals

Regnier/Germot d. Matthey/Micard 6-4 1-6 6-4
Speranza/Laurentz d. Broquedis/Quenessen 7-5 6-0
Gallay/Lawton d. Wilford/Wilford 6-0 6-4
Mény/Mény d. Decugis/Jousselin 3-6 6-4 8-6

Semifinals

Speranza/Laurentz d. Regnier/Germot 4-6 6-4 6-4
Mény/Mény d. Gallay/Lawton ????

Final

Marguerite Mény/Marc Mény d. Daisy Speranza/William Laurentz 7-5 0-6 6-3


----------------------------------------------

Draw Notes
:

Page 76 confirms it was Regnier who defeated Broquedis.

Thanks to Charles Friesen for noting that Germaine Regnier, the RU for this year, is the maiden name of Germaine Golding

Marcel Cosse is listed as Marcello in tennisarchives.com, but Tennis magaine from 1910 carries multiple references to him as Marcel.
Edouard Marie Marc Mény de Marangue (November 30, 1882 – January 23, 1960) was a competitor at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm. His partner appears to have been his sister. He apparently went by the name of "Marc."
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_M%C3%A9ny_de_Marangue

Wilford=is almost certain to the English player Neville Wilford. No other tennis playing Wilford exists. If so Mme Wilford= Susannah (nee Cadman). If a member of a French club he would have been eligible to play here. As he was a regular on the French Riviera in 1911 the evidence, bare as it is, overwhelmingly supports this identification.

Missing Names for:

de Boudreau
Mlle Dibos
Mme Dru
Mlle Paquin
Mlle Revel
Rejoux
Mlle Rousseau
Mlle Vincent-Darrasse
Mlle Worth

Mr R. F. Quenessen

----------------------------------------------

Source:

Tennis : organe du lawn-tennis en France (June 26 early July 3 1010 issues). Vol. 1 no. 10. 3 July 1910. pp. 73–75.
Tennis : organe du lawn-tennis en France | 1910-04 | Gallica
Tennis : organe du lawn-tennis en France | 1910-04 | Gallica

French Closed Championships 1910 (an additional source for male names)

----------------------------------------------

Summary:

Jeanne Matthey repeats as champion in what was an extraordinarily close Challenge round final. According to the French magazine Tennis Matthey has an extraordinary volley.

Broquedis has a classic and elegant style, but was a little too inconsistent to overcome Regnier in the All-Comers final.

Femina carried photos from the event at: Femina : publication bi-mensuelle illustrée | 1910-08-01 | Gallica
 
#16 · (Edited)
1911 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 18-25
Venue: Racing Club de France on the Croix-Catelan Courts, Paris
Surface: Clay

-------------------------------------------

Singles (Draw=5, plus holder)

1st Round

Marguerite Broquedis-bye
Marie Danet d. Daisy Speranza 4-6 6-2 8-6
Mme de Miramon-bye
Germaine Regnie-bye

Semifinals

Marguerite Broquedis d. Danet 9-7 6-1
Germaine Regnier d. de Miramon 6-0 6-0

Final

Marguerite Broquedis d. Germaine Regnier 6-4 2-6 8-6

Challenge Round

Jeanne Matthey (holder) d. Marguerite Broquedis 6-2 7-5

-------------------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=3, plus holders)

1st Round

Marie Danet/Marguerite Mény d. Marie Decugis/Therese de Kermel 6-1 7-5
Marguerite Broquedis/Germaine Regnier-bye

Final

Marguerite Broquedis/Germaine Regnier d. Marie Danet/Marguerite Mény ????

Challenge Round

Jeanne Matthey/Daisy Speranza (holders) d. Marguerite Broquedis/Germaine Regnier 5-7 6-0 6-1

-------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=6, plus holders)

1st Round


Germaine Regnier/Maurice Germot-bye
Marie Decugis/Max Decugis d. Therese de Kermal/Georges Gault 6-3 6-1
Daisy Speranza/William Laurentz d. Mme Martin/Craig Biddle (US) 6-1 7-5
Marguerite Broquedis/Andre Gobert-bye

Semifinals

Decugis/Decugis d. Regnier/Germot 6-2 6-3
Broquedis/Gobert d. Speranza/Laurentz 2-6 6-2 6-4

Final

Marguerite Broquedis/Andre Gobert d. Marie Decugis/Max Decugis 6-4 8-6

Challenge Round

Marguerite Broquedis/Andre Gobert d. Marguerite Mény/Édouard Mény de Marangue (holders) 6-4 6-3

-------------------------------------------

Draw Notes:

Missing score for doubles final
Missing full names for:

Mme Martin
Mme de Miramon

-------------------------------------------

Sources:

L'Écho de Paris | 1911-06-19 | Gallica

L'Écho de Paris | 1911-06-22 | Gallica

L'Écho de Paris | 1911-06-22 | Gallica

L'Écho de Paris | 1911-06-26 | Gallica

-------------------------------------------

Summary

In 1911, Jeanne Matthey won the singles title at the Closed French Championships for the third year in a row. In the Challenge Round she beat Marguerite Broquedis, 6-2, 7-5. The latter player (b. 17 April 1893) was arguably the best female lawn tennis player to come from France before Suzanne Lenglen.

At this point in time there was a Challenge Round in the five main events at the French Closed Championships
 
#17 · (Edited)
1912

Venue: Racing Club, Paris

Singles

Final

Jeanne Matthey d. Marie Danet 6-2 7-5

-------------------------------

Doubles

Won by Jeanne Matthey/Daisy Speranza

-------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Won by Daisy Speranza/William Laurentz

In 1912, Jeanne Matthey won the women's single title at the Closed French Championships for the fourth consecutive and last time. In the Challenge Round she defeated a married player, Marie Danet, 6-2, 7-5. Marie Danet was the mother of Roger Danet, who would play competitive lawn tennis in the 1920s and have a relationship with Suzanne Lenglen.

Despite her success in the Closed French Championships, Jeanne Matthey did not win any tournament of any significance outside France. However, during her career she did manage to beat Suzanne Lenglen in a singles match twice. Jeanne Matthey's first victory came over Suzanne Lenglen came in 1912, in the semi-final of the tournament held in Compiègne, France. Jeanne Matthey won the match 6-3, 6-1. Suzanne Lenglen was 13 years of age at the time.

-------------------------------

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1912 please see: http://www.tennisforum.com/68836705-post2.html
 
#18 · (Edited)
1913 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: May 26-June 1
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris.
Surface: Clay

------------------------------------------

Singles (Draw=at least 5, plus holder)


1st Round

Marguerite Broquedis-bye
Elizabeth Ryan (US)-bye
Adine Masson d. Marie Conquet 3-6 6-3 6-2
Germaine Golding-bye

Semifinals

Broquedis d. Ryan 6-3 6-0
Golding d. Masson ????

Final

Marguerite Broquedis d. Germaine Golding 6-2 6-2

Challenge Round

Marguerite Broquedis d. Jeanne Matthey (holder) 6-3 6-3

------------------------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=3)

1st Round

Blanche Amblard/Suzanne Amblard d. Marie Conquet/Marie Danet 6-3 6-4
Magda Aranyi/Marguerite Broquedis-bye

Final

Blanche Amblard/Suzanne Amblard d. Magda Aranyi/Marguerite Broquedis 4-6 6-2 6-2

------------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles

Semifinals

Marguerite Broquedis/William Laurentz d. Marie Danet/Poutin 6-1 6-2
Elizabeth Ryan (US)/Max Décugis d. Jeanne Matthey/Craig Biddle (US) 6-3 6-1

Final

Marguerite Broquedis/William Laurentz d. Elizabeth Ryan/Max Décugis ????

------------------------------------------------

Draw Notes
:

The exact draw is still very uncertain. For example the newspaper L'Echo reports Broquedis vs Ryan as a first round match, but Masson vs Conquet was clearly a round before Broquedis vs Ryan.

Elizabeth Ryan and Craig Biddle, both Americans, are probably allowed to enter the event due to their membership in French clubs.

Mixed Doubles

Daisy Speranza and William Laurenz are usually listed as the mixed winners, but contemporary sources only have Broquedis and William Laurenz as a team.

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1913 please see: http://www.tennisforum.com/68836713-post3.html

------------------------------------------------

Sources:

Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-05-27 | Gallica
Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-05-28 | Gallica

Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-05-30 | Gallica

Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-05-31 | Gallica

Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-06-01 | Gallica
L'Écho de Paris | 1913-06-02 | Gallica

Figaro : journal non politique | 1913-06-02 | Gallica (needs to be translated)

------------------------------------------------

Summary:

The slow clay does not aide Ryan in singles. The American likes the net game. Mme Broquedis likes a target at net, and passes Eliabeth again and again for an easy 6-3 6-0 romp in the semifinals.

On June 2 the Challenge Round matches in men's singles and mixed doubles were not played. A report in Le Figaro appears to suggest the matches were put off until the following Saurday (June 8) because Max Decugis needed to go to Wiesbaden for an important Davis Cup tie vs Germany. Max won the men's singles, suggesting the Challenge Round matches may have been played.

On the other hand the World Hard Court event started on June 7, and there are no scores for the Challenge Rounds. Thus at present it cannot be determined if Decugis and Elizabeth Ryan lost the challenge round match or simply defaulted.
 
#19 · (Edited)
1914 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates:May 17 to 26
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris.
Surface: Clay

------------------------------------------

Singles (Draw=6, plus holder)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen-bye
Germaine Golding d. Marie Danet default
Marie Conquet d. Regine Vlasto 6-2 6-4
Katie Fenwick-bye

Semifinals

Lenglen d. Golding 6-2 7-5
Conquer d. Fenwick 4-2 retired

All Comers Final

Suzanne Lenglen d. Marie Conquet 6-4 6-2

Challenge Round

Marguerite Broquedis (holder) d. Suzanne Lenglen 5-7 6-4 6-3

------------------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=2, plus holders)

1st Round

Germaine Golding/Suzanne Lenglen d. Marie Conquet/Katie Fenwick default

Challenge Round

Blanche Amblard/Suzanne Amblard (holders) d. Germaine Golding/Suzanne Lenglen 6-4 8-6

------------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=5)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Max Decugis d. Germaine Golding/Felix Poulin 7-5 6-1
Mlle D. Oustaniol/Georges Gault-bye
Suzanne Amblard/Maurice Germot-bye
Katie Fenwick/William Laurentz-bye

Semifinals

Lenglen/Decugis d. Oustaniol/Gault 6-0 6-2
S Amblard/Germot d. Fenwick/Laurentz default

Final


Suzanne Lenglen/Max Decugis d. Suzanne Amblard/Maurice Germot 6-4 6-1

------------------------------------------

Draw Notes:

Katie Fenwick falls ill in the semis of the singles and retires. Afterwards Mme Fenwick defaults in the doubles and mixed.
Felix Poulin=A. F. Poulin.

In the 1R of the mixed I used Le Figaro for the source of the 7-5 6-1 score. Alan Little had 7-5 6-3. Since Little was also incorrect about the overall dates as well I trust Le Figaro as the primary source.

Missing name:

Mlle D. Oustaniol

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1914 please see https://www.tennisforum.com/68836729-post4.html

------------------------------------------

Sources:

Le Figaro.Figaro : journal non politique | 1914-05-20 | Gallica
Figaro : journal non politique | 1914-05-24 | Gallica

------------------------------------------

Summary:


At the age of merely 14 the sensational Suzanne Lenglen almost wins her nations title. She gives Broquedis a stern test in the final. Amazingly this will be Suzanne's last defeat until 1921, when she defaults in the US Nationals. In the doubles final the twin Amblard sisters, twins, retain their title.

The defending champion was at turns brilliant and awful in the Challenge Round, contested on the 23rd of May. She threw in seven double faults for example. Young Suzanne played a tactical game extraordinary for one so young. She was also calm throughout the match. Marguerite got stronger as the match wore on, with the teen Suzanne showing signs of fatigue in the final set.

Throughout the event the youngster amazed onlookers with an assortment of lobs and volleys.
 
#22 · (Edited)
1920 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 5-13
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

-----------------------------------

Singles (Draw=8, plus holder)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen d. Elisabeth d'Ayen 6-0 6-1
Germaine Golding d. Marie Conquet 6-2 6-1
Marie Danet d. Suzanne Amblard default
Jeanne Vaussard d. Suzanne Dévé 6-2 6-3

Semifinals


Lenglen d. Golding 6-2 6-3
Vaussard d. Danet 6-2 6-3

All-Comers Final

Suzanne Lenglen d. Jeanne Vaussard 6-1 6-1

Challenge Round


Suzanne Lenglen d. Marguerite Billout (holder) 6-1 7-5

-----------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=5)


1st Round

Elisabeth d'Ayen/Suzanne Lenglen d. Marie Conquet/Marie Danet 6-1 8-6
Suzanne Amblard/Marguerite Billout-bye
Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard-bye
Suzanne Dévé/Daisy Spéranza-bye

Semifinals

d'Ayen/Lenglen d. Amblard/Billout default
Golding/Vaussard d. Dévé/Spéranza 6-4 8-6

Final

Elisabeth d'Ayen/Suzanne Lenglen d. Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard 6-1 6-1

-----------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=8, plus holders)


1st Round

Marie Conquet/Marcel Dupont d. Jeanne Vaussard/Jean Samazeuilh 6-1 6-4
Marie Danet/Toto Brugnon d. Marie Decugis/Maurice Germot default
Germaine Golding/François Blanchy d. Mme Poupon/A. Poupon default
Elisabeth d'Ayen/Pierre Hirsch d. Daisy Spéranza/Henri de Clouet 6-3 8-6

Semifinals


Conquet/Dupont d. Danet/Brugnon 5-7 6-2 9-7
d'Ayen/Hirsch d. Golding/Blanchy 6-4 4-6 6-0

Final

Marie Conquet/Marcel Dupont d. Elisabeth d'Ayen/Pierre Hirsch 6-3 2-6 10-8

Challenge Round


Suzanne Lenglen/Max Decugis (holders) d. Marie Conquet/Marcel Dupont 6-0 6-3

----------------

Draw notes:

The French Championships are renewed after a 6 year hiatus due to the Great War. The event is still Closed to non-French Nationals. The Challenge Round, where the defending champions "sit out" awaiting the winner or winners from the main draw, is also retained.

In doubles Blanche Amblard and Suzanne Amblard did not defend their doubles title from 1914. The other 1914 champions (Marguerite Billout in singles and Suzanne Lenglen/Max Decugis in mixed) wait for their challengers.

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1920 please see: http://www.tennisforum.com/68836785-post6.html

Missing full names for:

Mme Poupon/A. Poupon in the mixed doubles.
 
#23 · (Edited)
1921 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: May 13-22
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

-----------------------------------

Singles (Draw=9, plus holder)

1st Round

Germaine Le Conte d. Suzanne Deve default

Quarterfinals

Germaine Golding d. Daisy Speranza 6-3 6-1
Marie Conquet d. Marie Danet 6-4 7-5
Marguerite Billout d. Mme Gondoin 6-0 6-0
Le Conte d. Jeanne Vaussard 6-0 4-6 6-3

Semifinals


Golding d. Conquet 6-2 3-6 6-3
Billout d. Le Conte 7-5 6-3

Final


Germaine Golding d. Marguerite Billout 6-2 6-2

Challenge Round

Suzanne Lenglen (holder) d. Germaine Golding default

-----------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=7)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Germaine Pigueron d. Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard 6-3 6-0
Marie Conquet/Marie Danet d. Sylvia Jung/Doris Wolfson 6-2 6-3
Marguerite Billout/Suzanne Deve d. Mme Leantain/Nanette Le Besnarais 7-5 6-6*
Helene Contostavlos/Daisy Spéranza-bye

Semifinals

Lenglen/Pigueron d. Conquet/Danet 4-6 6-3 6-4
Billout/Dévé d. Contostavlos/Spéranza 4-6 6-3 6-4

Final


Suzanne Lenglen/Germaine Pigueron d. Marguerite Billout/Suzanne Deve 6-2 6-1

-----------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=12)

1st Round

Germaine Pigueron/Pierre Hirsch-bye
Germaine Golding/William Laurenz-bye
Marie Danet/Roger Danet d. Suzanne Deve/Felix Poulin 6-2 7-5
Marguerite Billout/Max Decugis d. Marie Conquet/Marcel Dupont 6-0 8-6

Suzanne Lenglen/Toto Brugnon d. Germaine Cousin/Marcel Cousin default
Jeanne Vaussard/Leonce Aslangul d. Daisy Speranza/François Blanchy default
Mme Gondoin/Jean Samazeuilh-bye
Germaine Le Conte/Le Conte-bye

Quarterfinals

Pigueron/Hirsch d. Golding/Laurenz default
Billout/Decugis d. Danet/Danet 8-6 6-2
Lenglen/Brugnon d. Jeanne Vaussard/Leonce Aslangul 6-1 6-2
Gondoin/Samazeuilh d. Le Conte/Le Conte 6-1 6-8 6-3*

Semifinals

Billout/Decugis d. Pigueron/Hirsch 7-5 6-4
Lenglen/Brugnon d. Gondoin/Samazeuilh 8-6 6-0

Final

Suzanne Lenglen/Toto Brugnon d. Marguerite Billout/Max Decugis 6-4 6-1

-----------------------------------

Draw Notes:

Missing full names for:

Mme Gondoin (listed under various spellings such as Mme Gonduoin)
Mme Leantain (in doulbes draw only)

[Male missing names]

Le Conte

In 1920, Suzanne Lenglen had won the women's doubles event at this tournament with Elisabeth d'Ayen.

In 1920, Suzanne Lenglen had won the mixed doubles event at this tournament with Max Decugis.

Playing both events with different partners in 1921 meant there were no challenge rounds in the doubles and the mixed doubles.

Doubles notes:

Marguerite Billout/Suzanne Deve d. Mme Leantain/Nanette Lebesnarais 7-5 6-6*

*Score as reported by Le Figaro. Possibly a retirement or just an error.

Mixed notes:

Mme Gondoin/Jean Samazeuilh d. Germaine Le Conte/Le Conte 6-1 6-8 6-3*

*Le Figaro reports score as 6-1 8-6 6-2-clearly a mistake. Most likely they inverted the 2nd set scores.

Marie and Roger Danet were mother and son.

-----------------------------------

Sources:

L'Echo e ParisLe Figaro
Tennis et Golf

-----------------------------------
Summary:

Golding gave no reason for her default in the Challenge Round. Club members hinted that she felt tired after winning the final (surprising given the 6-2 6-2 score) and felt she could not put up a good fight vs Suzanne.

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1921 please see: http://www.tennisforum.com/68836801-post7.html
 
#24 · (Edited)
1922 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 3-11
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

-----------------------------------

Singles (Draw=14, plus holder)

1st Round

Hélène Contostavlos-bye
Germaine Golding d. Yvonne Bourgeois 3-6 6-3 6-4
Germaine Le Conte d. S. Lecaron 6-4 6-1
Jeanne Vaussard d. Marie Danet 6-4 6-1

Sylvia Jung-bye
Germaine Pigueron d. Suzanne Dévé 6-4 7-5
Geneviève Cousin d. Daisy Spéranza default
Marie Conquet d. Nanette Le Besnerais 6-0 3-6 6-3

Quarterfinals

Golding d. Contostavlos 6-2 3-6 6-1
Vaussard d. Le Conte 6-3 6-3
Pigueron d. Sylvia Jung default
Conquet d. Cousin default

Semifinals

Golding d. Vaussard 6-2 5-7 6-3
Conquet d. Pigueron 6-2 6-3

All-Comer's Final

Germaine Golding d. Marie Conquet 8-6 6-2

Challenge Round

Suzanne Lenglen (holder) d. Germaine Golding 6-4 6-0

-----------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=6, plus holders)

1st Round

1R: Marie Conquet/Marie Danet-bye
1R: Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard d. Mme Florand/S. Lecaron 6-3 4-6 6-2
1R: Geneviève Cousin/Suzanne Dévé d. Nanette Le Besnerais/Germaine Le Conte 6-3 6-4
1R: Hélène Contostavlos/Daisy Spéranza-bye

Semifinals

SF: Conquet/Danet d. Golding/Vaussard 6-3 3-6 6-3
SF: Contostavlos/Spéranza d. Cousin/Dévé 6-3 6-4

All-Comer's Final

Marie Conquet/Marie Danet d. Helène Contostavlos/Daisy Spéranza 8-6 8-6

Challenge Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Germaine Pigueron (holders) d. Marie Conquet/Marie Danet 6-3 6-1

-----------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=12, plus holders)

1st Round

Germaine Golding/Jean Borotra-bye
Daisy Spéranza/Jean Couitéas-bye
Suzanne Dévé/Paul Féret d. Nanette Le Besnerais/Jean Samazeuilh 6-3 5-7 6-0
Hélène Contostavlos/Félix Poulin d. Geneviève Cousin/Max Decugis 6-3 6-4

Marie Conquet/Marcel Dupont d. Germaine Le Conte/Le Conte 6-1 6-4
Germaine Pigueron/Pierre Hirsch d. Marie Danet/Baron Roland de Graffenried 6-1 6-0
Yvonne Bourgeois/Henri Cochet-bye
Sylvia Jung/Raoul Lafaurie-bye

Quarterfinals

Golding/Borotra d. Spéranza/Couitéas default
Contostavlos/Poulin d. Dévé/Féret 3-6 6-2 6-4
Pigueron/Hirsch d. Conquet/Dupont 6-2 8-6
Bourgeois/Cochet d. Jung/Lafaurie default

Semifinals

Golding/Borotra d. Contostavlos/Poulin 6-2 6-3
Pigueron/Hirsch d. Bourgeois/Cochet 6-3 6-2

All-Comer's Final

Germaine Golding/Jean Borotra d. Germaine Pigueron/Pierre Hirsch 4-6 6-3 6-2

Challenge Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Toto Brugnon (holders) d. Germaine Golding/Jean Borotra 6-0 6-0

------------------------------

Draw Notes:

Missing full names for:

Mme Florand
Mlle S. Lecaron

Le Conte, a male in the mixed with Germaine Le Conte.


------------------------------

Summary:


------------------------------

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1922 please see: http://www.tennisforum.com/68836809-post8.html
 
#25 · (Edited)
1923 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 9-17
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

---------------------

Singles (Draw=13)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen-bye
Hélène Contostavloso d. Marie Conquet 6-4 6-8 7-5
Marie Danet d. Diddie Vlasto default
Jeanne Vaussard d. Geneviève Cousin 6-4 5-7 6-4

Marguerite Billout-bye
Nanette Le Besnerais-bye
Germaine Golding d. Daisy Spéranza-Wyns 7-5 6-4
Germaine Le Conte d. Yvonne Bourgeois 6-4 4-6 6-4

Quarterfinals

Lenglen d. Contostavlos 6-2 6-0
Vaussard d. Danet 11-9 7-5
Billout d. Le Besnerais 6-4 7-5
Golding d. Le Conte 6-2 6-4

Semifinals

Lenglen d. Vaussard 6-0 6-0
Golding d. Billout 6-0 7-5

Final

Suzanne Lenglen d. Germaine Golding 6-1 6-4

------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=at least 5 )

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Diddie Vlasto-bye

Semifinals

Lenglen/Vlasto d. Nanette Le Besnerais/Germaine Le Conte 6-2 6-0
Helene Contostavlos/Daisy Speranza-Wyns d. Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard 7-5 6-8 6-4

Final


Suzanne Lenglen/Diddie Vlasto d. Helene Contostavlos/Daisy Speranza-Wyns 6-1 6-0

---------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=13)

1st Round

Suzanne Lenglen/Toto Brugnon d. Daisy Spéranza-Wyns/Etienne Micard default
Diddie Vlasto/Jean Samazeuilh d. Nanette Le Besnerais/Roger Danet 3-6 6-2 6-3
Genevieve Cousin/Marcel Cousin-bye
Hélène Contostavlos/Rene Lacoste-bye

Marguerite Billout/Pierre Hirsch-bye
Marie Danet/François Blanchy d. S. Lecaron/R. Le Blant 6-2 6-4
Mme Manset/Georges Manset d. Germaine Le Conte/Le Conte 6-3 4-6 6-3
Yvonne Bourgeois/Henri Cochet d. Suzanne Dévé/Paul Féret 2-6 6-4 6-0

Quarterfinals

Lenglen/Brugnon d. Vlasto/Samazeuilh 6-1 6-2
Cousin/Cousin d. Contostavlos/Lacoste 6-8 6-3 9-7
Marguerite Billout/Pierre Hirsch d. Danet/Blanchy 6-4 6-2
Bourgeois/Cochet d. Mme Manset/G. Manset 6-0 6-4

Semifinals

Lenglen/Brugnon d. G. Cousin/M. Cousin 6-0 6-2
Bourgeois/Cochet d. Billout/Hirsch 3-6 6-3 6-4

Final

Suzanne Lenglen/Toto Brugnon d. Yvonne Bourgeois/Henri Cochet 6-1 7-5

---------------------

Draw Notes:

Missing full names for

S. Lecaron

R. Le Blant (a male player)
Mr Le Conte, husband of Germaine Le Conte.

While Little lists a Mme M Cousin and M(arcel) Cousin, the 1924 edition of Tennis et Golf has her as Mlle Cousin.

Missing results for


Firsr round of the doubles. We know it was at least 5. As there were 13 in the singles 6 would be the top number.


---------------------

Sources
:

Little. Alan. Suzanne Lenglen: Tennis Idol of the 1920s. 2007 edition. page 174.

The New York Times.

---------------------

Summary:

French organizers follow the British and abolish the Challenge Round. This means Suzanne will have to "play through" to defend her titles.

Lenglen is in tears at the end of her final because the crowd was clapping for her Golding more than her after a disputed line-call. Fan uproar made it neccessary to replace the linesmen, but the crowd remained vocal for the underdog. Golding actually had the spectators in shock because she had an unheard of 4-0 lead in set two! The diva was so distraught she asked her father if she should continue. He told her to play on.

Lenglen recovered to win by taking the next six games and the match. Afterwardsan agitated Papa suggested she might boycott Paris in the future.

By also taking the Doubles and Mixed crowns Lenglen has won the hat trick for the 4th consecutive year.

For the World Hard Court Championships of 1923 please see: https://www.tennisforum.com/68836833-post9.html
 
#26 · (Edited)
1924 FRENCH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

Dates: June 7-15
Venue: Racing Club de France, Paris, France
Surface: Clay

-----------------------------------------

Singles (Draw=16)

1st Round

Marguerite Billout d. Daisy Spéranza-Wyns 3-6 6-2 6-1
Suzanne Dévé d. Yvonne Bourgeois 6-4 3-6 6-0
Jeanne Vaussard d. Geneviève Cousin 6-0 6-4
Nanette Le Besnarais d. Germaine Pigueron 6-0 6-4

Germaine Golding d. Marie Danet default
S. Lecaron d. Germaine Charnelet 6-4 6-3
Marie Conquet d. Germaine Le Conte 6-3 6-4
Diddie Vlasto d. Jeanne Matthey 6-1 6-0

Quarterfinals

Billout d. Dévé 0-6 6-2 6-3
Vaussard d. Le Besnarais 7-5 4-6 7-5
Golding d. Lecaron 6-2 6-1
Vlasto d. Conquet 6-3 6-4

Semifinals

Vaussard d. Billout 6-0 6-1
Vlasto d. Golding 6-4 2-6 6-3

Final

Diddie Vlasto d. Jeanne Vaussard 6-2 6-3

---------------------------------------

Doubles (Draw=8)

1st Round

Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard d. Nanette Le Besnarais/Germaine Le Conte 6-4 6-3
Germaine Charnelet/Germaine Pigueron d. Mme Florand/S. Lecaron 6-1 6-1
Marie Conquet/Suzanne Dévé d. Geneviève Cousin/Marie Danet 6-4 5-7 6-3
Marguerite Billout/Yvonne Bourgeois d. Hélène Contostavlos/Daisy Spéranza-Wyns 6-2 6-3

Semifinals


Golding-Vaussard d. Charnelet/Pigueron 6-4 6-2
Billout/Bourgeois d. Conquet/Dévé 5-7 6-4 6-2

Final

Marguerite Billout/Yvonne Bourgeois d. Germaine Golding/Jeanne Vaussard 6-3 6-3

---------------------------------------

Mixed Doubles (Draw=13 )

1st Round

Marguerite Billout/Jean Borotra-bye
Geneviève Cousin/Marcel Cousin d. Hélène Contostavlos/Roger Danet default
Diddie Vlasto/Henri Cochet d. Yvonne Bourgeois/René Lacoste 6-4 6-0
Nanette Le Besnerais/Toto Brugnon d. Suzanne Dévé/Paul Féret 6-2 6-1

Germaine Golding/Jean Couitéas d. Jeanne Vaussard/Léonce Aslangul default
Germaine Pigueron/Pierre Hirsch d. Marie Conquet/Jean Samazeuilh 6-4 6-2
Daisy Spéranza-Wyns/Coco Gentien-bye
Germaine Charnelet/Raymond Barbas-bye

Quarterfinals

Billout/Borotra d.Cousin/Cousin 6-2 6-3
Le Besnerais/Brugnon d. Vlasto/Cochet 6-3 7-5
Golding/Couitéas d. Pigueron/Hirsch 6-2 7-5
Charnelet/Barbas d. Speranza-Wyns/Gentien 6-2 6-3

Semifinals

Billout/Borotra d. Le Besnerais/Brugnon 6-1 6-1
Golding/Couitéas d. Charnelet/Barbas 7-5 8-6

Final

Marguerite Billout/Jean Borotra d. Germaine Golding/Jean Couitéas 6-2 8-6

---------------------------------------

Draw notes:

The draw is in exact draw order.

Genevieve Cousin/Marcel Cousin were related in some way. probably sister and brother, or possibly cousins.

Mme Germaine Pigueron was the sister of Yvonne Bourgeois.

Mme Florand is listed as Mme Florent by Tennis et Golf. There are numerous other examples of a Mme Florand, who always partnered S Lecaron in major events, as she did here. Thus" Mme Florent" is Mme Florand.

Missing full names for:

Mme Florand
Mlle S. Lacaron

---------------------------------------

Sources:

Tennis et Golf. June 1924, page 238.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_tennis_1924

---------------------------------------

Summary:

Lenglen was ill much of 1924 and opted not to defend her national title. This opened the door for Diddie Vlasto, ranked #2 in France, to come through. Her toughest match was against Mme Golding, who had been runner-up to Lenglen the last 3 years. Once Diddie got past Golding at 6-4 2-6 6-3 the final was a straight set affair.

The ladies final was held on the 15th.

One year earlier Lenglen had won the women's doubles title with Diddie Vlasto and the mixed doubles title with Jacques Brugnon.

1924 was the very last French Closed National Championships. As a price for joining the International Tennis Federation the United States demanded the ITF discontinue the grandly titled "World Championship" events on Covered Courts (Indoors), Hard Courts (Clay), and Grass.

In practice the Hard Court Championships were held every year in France with the exception of 1922, which was in French speaking Belgium. In essence then it was a French event, and naturally they wanted to keep it that way. As luck would have it the 1924 Olympics were in Paris. As a grand event it filled in nicely for the World Hard Court Championships as a bridge between it and a newly born French International Championships in 1925. This is the modern day "French Open."

Clearly the French Open was really the child of the International World Hard Court event and not the French Nationals. So why does the official list of winners go back to the 1890s and include the French Nationals? Tradition would be first-since it started much earlier (1891) as opposed to the more recent World Championships, which only began in 1912.

French Nationalism may have also played a role. The 1922 event had been in Belgium. Besides, the World Hard Court event didn't carry the word or notion of "French" in the title!
 
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